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The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines — An Article-by-Article Guide

As of 2026-09-08 · Updated 2026-09-08 · Section: Politics, Governance & Judiciary · 日本語版

When you think about doing business, investing, relocating or handling legal matters in the Philippines, this Constitution is the wall you eventually run into. The 60/40 foreign ownership limits, the fact that foreigners cannot buy land, the absence of a divorce law, the fact that a president cannot be re-elected — all of these are written not in statutes but in the text of the Constitution. This guide sets out the whole of the Preamble plus 18 Articles, checking the article and section numbers against the original.

The texts relied on: the full text of the 1987 Constitution as carried in the LawPhil Project (Arellano Law Foundation), cross-checked against the full-text PDF (53 pages) held by the University of Minnesota Human Rights Library. Article and section numbers and wording have been verified against the originals. Re-verification of 2026-08-26: Articles XII, XIII and XVII were collated section by section against the original text in full (the complete LawPhil HTML plus a 42-page PDF held by the ICJ, fully extracted with a PDF text extractor), and the main provisions of Articles II, III, VI–XI, XIV, XVI and XVIII were re-checked. 注Use the LawPhil version to fix wording (the ICJ PDF contains scattered transcription errors such as "The Sate shall," "technical of financial assistance," and "communal" → "local" in Article XIII, Section 7). For the full list of corrections see "Verification record (2026-08-26)" at the end.

注This file is the representative file for the four institutional documents (The 1987 Constitution / Agrarian Reform and CARP / Poverty and Social Security / The Japan–Philippines Economic Relationship in Detail), and the verification records for all four are consolidated at the end.

1. How it came about — February 1986 to February 1987

Date Event Primary source
1986-03-25 President Aquino issued Proclamation No. 3 (the "Freedom Constitution"), provisionally adopting only the 1973 Constitution's provisions on national territory, citizenship, the bill of rights and suffrage, and provisionally vesting legislative power in the President Proclamation No. 3, s.1986 (LawPhil)
1986-04-23 Proclamation No. 9 created the Constitutional Commission (ConCom). Its members were "not more than fifty national, regional and sectoral representatives," with the work targeted for completion by 2 September 1986 Proclamation No. 9, s.1986 (LawPhil)
1986-10-12 The ConCom approved the draft The certification at the end of the constitutional text (placed immediately after Article XVIII, Section 27: "The foregoing proposed Constitution … was approved by the Constitutional Commission of 1986 on the twelfth day of October, Nineteen hundred and eighty-six…"). 注(Corrected in the 2026-08-26 verification. Article XVIII, Section 27 contains only the effectivity provision; the record of approval and signing is not in that section but in the closing certification. Source: LawPhil consti/cons1987.html)
1986-10-15 The members signed in the Plenary Hall of the National Government Center, Quezon City Same as above ("accordingly signed on the fifteenth day of October, Nineteen hundred and eighty-six at the Plenary Hall, National Government Center, Quezon City")
1987-02-02 The plebiscite. Yes 16,622,111 / No 4,953,375 / abstentions 209,730; total votes cast 21,785,216 (83,288 precincts) Proclamation No. 58, s.1987 (the LawPhil text. Abstentions and the total added in the 2026-08-26 verification)
1987-02-11 President Aquino signed Proclamation No. 58 and declared ratification Same as above

注When you give an approval percentage, always state the denominator (the indicator) (added in the 2026-08-26 verification). - As a share of valid votes (yes + no = 21,575,486): 77.04% - As a share of total votes cast (21,785,216, including the 209,730 abstentions): 76.30% (Both computed by the author from the COMELEC tallies given in Proclamation No. 58. The "about 77.0%" of the earlier version is the first indicator.)

注 Easily got wrong ①: is the date of effectivity 2 February or 11 February?

2. The overall structure — a Preamble plus 18 Articles

Article Title (original) Main content
Preamble Preamble "We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God…" = popular sovereignty and an invocation of God
I National Territory The archipelago and its internal waters, and the areas over which sovereignty and jurisdiction extend
II Declaration of Principles and State Policies The national creed. Sections 1–6 are "principles," Sections 7–28 "state policies"
III Bill of Rights The bill of rights (22 sections)
IV Citizenship Citizenship
V Suffrage The right to vote
VI The Legislative Department The legislature (both chambers)
VII Executive Department The executive (the President)
VIII Judicial Department The judiciary (the Supreme Court)
IX Constitutional Commissions CSC, COMELEC, COA
X Local Government Local autonomy and autonomous regions
XI Accountability of Public Officers Accountability of officials, impeachment, the Ombudsman
XII National Economy and Patrimony The heart of foreign ownership restrictions
XIII Social Justice and Human Rights Agrarian reform, labor, the CHR
XIV Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture and Sports Education and language
XV The Family The family
XVI General Provisions The flag, the armed forces, media ownership and so on
XVII Amendments or Revisions Procedures for amendment
XVIII Transitory Provisions Transitory provisions (27 sections)

注 Article XIV is sometimes given as "Education, Culture, Science and Technology," but the original is "EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, ARTS, CULTURE AND SPORTS."

3. Article II — the Declaration of Principles and State Policies

The six "Principles" are the skeleton of the state.

Section Content (the gist of the original)
1 "The Philippines is a democratic and republican State. Sovereignty resides in the people"
2 Renunciation of war; adoption of "the generally accepted principles of international law" as part of the law of the land
3 "Civilian authority is, at all times, supreme over the military." The armed forces are "the protector of the people and the State"
4 The prime duty of the government is to serve and protect the people. Under conditions provided by law, citizens may be required to render personal military or civil service
5 The maintenance of peace and order, the protection of life, liberty and property, and the promotion of the general welfare
6 "The separation of Church and State shall be inviolable"

The "State Policies" most often cited in practice:

The biggest development of 2026 — the anti-political dynasty bill

Article II, Section 26 is a provision requiring an implementing statute ("as may be defined by law"), and for 39 years since 1987 no such statute had been enacted. On 3 June 2026 the House of Representatives was reported to have passed an anti-political dynasty bill on third reading by 267 to 20 (7 abstentions) (Philippine News Agency / BusinessWorld / GMA, all 2026-06-03). The bicameral conference with the Senate version is expected to be difficult (Inquirer.net, 2026-06-29). 注 As of 2026-08-26 it has not been enacted.

4. Article III, the Bill of Rights — 22 sections

Section What is guaranteed
1 and 22 Due process and the equal protection of the laws / the prohibition of ex post facto laws and bills of attainder
2 and 3 The prohibition of unreasonable searches and seizures (a warrant requires a judge personally to determine probable cause after examination under oath), the privacy of communication, and the express exclusionary rule for illegally obtained evidence
4, 5 and 8 Freedom of speech, expression and the press, and the rights of assembly and petition / the prohibition of an established religion, freedom of religion, and the prohibition of religious tests / the right to form associations and unions, in the public and private sectors alike
6 Liberty of abode and of travel (restrictions only in the interest of national security, public safety or public health)
7 The right of access to information on matters of public concern
9, 10 and 11 The prohibition of taking without just compensation / the prohibition of laws impairing the obligation of contracts / the prohibition of denying access to the courts by reason of poverty
12–14, 16, 17, 21 The rights of the accused (the Philippine Miranda: notification of the right to remain silent and to counsel), the right to bail (except where the offense is punishable by reclusion perpetua and the evidence of guilt is strong), the presumption of innocence, the right to a speedy disposition of cases, the privilege against self-incrimination, and the prohibition of double jeopardy
15 and 18 The writ of habeas corpus may be suspended only in cases of invasion or rebellion / the prohibition of detention solely by reason of political beliefs, and the prohibition of involuntary servitude
19 The prohibition of cruel punishment. "Neither shall death penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling reasons involving heinous crimes, the Congress hereafter provides for it" = a conditional prohibition, not an absolute one
20 The prohibition of imprisonment for debt or non-payment of a poll tax

注 Section 19 is often simplified to "the Constitution abolished the death penalty," but the text leaves room for Congress to restore it for heinous crimes. That structure is why it was in fact restored in 1993 and abolished again in 2006.

5. Article IV, Citizenship / Article V, Suffrage

Article IV (Citizenship) - Section 1: ① those who were citizens at the time of the Constitution's adoption; ② those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines (jus sanguinis through either parent); ③ those born before 17 January 1973 of Filipino mothers who elect Philippine citizenship on reaching the age of majority; ④ those naturalized. - Section 2: "natural-born citizens" are those who are citizens from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their citizenship. The President, Vice-President, members of both chambers, Justices of the Supreme Court, members of the constitutional commissions, the Ombudsman and others all carry a natural-born requirement. - Section 4: Filipinos who marry aliens retain their citizenship. - Section 5: "Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the national interest and shall be dealt with by law." 注 Note that this is not a prohibition of dual citizenship as such (the reacquisition regime under RA 9225 rests on this reading).

Article V (Suffrage) - Section 1: Age 18 and over, resident of the Philippines for at least one year and of the place where they propose to vote for at least six months. No literacy, property or other substantive requirement may be imposed. - Section 2: Congress shall provide a system for absentee voting by Filipinos abroad, and procedures for voters with disabilities and illiterates.

6. Articles VI–VIII — the three branches

Item Provision Content
Senate Art. VI, Secs. 2 and 4 24 members elected at large, six-year terms, no more than two consecutive terms
House Art. VI, Secs. 5 and 7 "Not more than two hundred and fifty members, unless otherwise fixed by law." Three-year terms, no more than three consecutive terms
Party-list Art. VI, Sec. 5(2) Party-list representatives constitute 20% of the total membership
Election day Art. VI, Sec. 8 The second Monday of May
President Art. VII, Secs. 2 and 4 At least 40 years old, natural-born, resident for at least ten years. A six-year term, no re-election whatsoever ("shall not be eligible for any re-election")
Vice-President Art. VII, Secs. 3 and 4 The same qualifications and term as the President. No more than two consecutive terms. May be appointed to the Cabinet without need of confirmation
Martial law Art. VII, Sec. 18 Not exceeding 60 days. Report to Congress within 48 hours. A majority of both houses voting jointly may revoke it (the President cannot set that aside). On a citizen's petition, the Supreme Court reviews the sufficiency of the factual basis and must decide within 30 days
Judicial power Art. VIII, Sec. 1 "Judicial power includes the duty … to determine whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part of any branch or instrumentality of the Government" = the great invention of the 1987 Constitution. It shuts down the political-question doctrine and vastly expands judicial review
Supreme Court Art. VIII, Secs. 3 and 4 A Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices, 15 in all. Fiscal autonomy (its appropriation may not be reduced below the previous year's). It sits en banc and in divisions of three, five or seven

7. Article IX — the Constitutional Commissions

Article IX-A, Section 1: "The Constitutional Commissions, which shall be independent, are the Civil Service Commission (CSC), the Commission on Elections (COMELEC), and the Commission on Audit (COA)."

Commission Composition Term Basis
CSC A chairman and two commissioners (three) Seven years, without reappointment Art. IX-B, Sec. 1
COMELEC A chairman and six commissioners (seven) Seven years, without reappointment Art. IX-C, Sec. 1
COA A chairman and two commissioners (three) Seven years, without reappointment Art. IX-D, Sec. 1

Common provisions (Article IX-A): - Section 2: an absolute prohibition on holding other office, engaging in business, or having a financial interest in government contracts while in office - Section 5: fiscal autonomy (approved annual appropriations are automatically and regularly released) - Section 7: each Commission decides by majority vote within 60 days of submission. A party aggrieved by a decision may bring certiorari to the Supreme Court within 30 days of receipt

注 All three have "seven-year terms without reappointment, including the chairman," but there is a staggering provision under which the first appointees serve seven, five and three years respectively.

8. Article X — local government and autonomous regions

8-1. Muslim Mindanao — from ARMM to BARMM

Year Item Source
1989 RA 6734 (the ARMM Organic Act) enacted —
2001 RA 9054 (amending the ARMM Organic Act) —
2018-07-23 RA 11054 (the Bangsamoro Organic Law) enacted, repealing RA 6734 (as amended by RA 9054) and creating BARMM The text of RA 11054 (LawPhil)
2019 BARMM was established by plebiscite, governed by the interim Bangsamoro Transition Authority (BTA) —
2026-03-25 RA 12317 enacted (corrected in the 2026-08-26 verification; the earlier version gave "2026-03-24," but the date in the original text is [ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 12317, March 25, 2026 ]. Sources: the text of RA 12317 in the Supreme Court E-Library / Manila Bulletin, 27 March 2026, p.7, as an alternative to Official Gazette publication). It again amended Article XVI, Section 13 of RA 11054 (注writing "Section 16, Article 13" reverses article and section. The amending law is RA 12317, Section 1; what is amended is RA 11054, Art. XVI, Sec. 13. The earlier amendments were RA 11593 〈2021-10-29〉 and RA 12123 〈2025-02-19〉, both amending the same Art. XVI, Sec. 13), providing that "The first regular election for the Bangsamoro Government under this Organic Law shall be held on the second Monday of September 2026." Section 6 of the same law sets the term of those first elected from noon of 30 October 2026 to noon of 30 June 2031, and synchronizes subsequent regular elections with the national and local elections every three years from the second Monday of May 2031 The text of RA 12317 (Supreme Court E-Library)
2026-09-14 The scheduled date of the first BARMM parliamentary election. The government was reported to have declared it a special holiday in BARMM (PNA / Philstar / GMA, all 2026-08-21) Press reports

注 The BARMM parliamentary election was originally to be held with the May 2025 midterms, but after several postponement statutes it became 14 September 2026. As of the writing of this document (2026-08-26) it has not yet been held; there were reports of renewed calls for postponement after a security incident (the attack on Mr. Macacua), but COMELEC and the Office of the President are said to be proceeding as scheduled (Philstar / Daily Tribune, 2026-08-17).

8-2. The Cordilleras — an autonomous region that has not materialized in 39 years

9. Article XI — accountability of public officers and impeachment

Section 1: "Public office is a public trust."

Who may be impeached and on what grounds (Section 2)

Subject Grounds
The President, the Vice-President, the Members of the Supreme Court, the Members of the Constitutional Commissions (CSC, COMELEC, COA), and the Ombudsman Culpable violation of the Constitution, treason, bribery, graft and corruption, other high crimes, and betrayal of public trust

注 These five categories only are impeachable (① the President, ② the Vice-President, ③ Justices of the Supreme Court, ④ members of the Constitutional Commissions, ⑤ the Ombudsman). (Corrected in the 2026-08-26 verification. The earlier version said "six categories," but the original text of Article XI, Section 2 enumerates five classes of office: "The President, Vice-President, the Members of the Supreme Court, the Members of the Constitutional Commissions, and the Ombudsman." Counting CSC, COMELEC and COA separately would give seven, but the text's unit of enumeration is "the Members of the Constitutional Commissions," which is one. Source: the text of the 1987 Constitution on LawPhil.) The text goes on to state: "All other public officers and employees may be removed from office as provided by law, but not by impeachment." Cabinet members and legislators are not impeachable.

Procedure (Section 3)

Stage Requirement
Initiation The House of Representatives has "the exclusive power to initiate all cases of impeachment"
Complaint A verified complaint filed by a Member of the House, or by a citizen upon a resolution of endorsement by any Member
Calendar Included in the Order of Business within ten session days, and referred to the proper Committee within three session days thereafter
Committee A report within 60 session days of referral. The House calendars it for consideration within ten session days of receipt
Plenary The Articles of Impeachment are affirmed by at least one-third of all Members of the House
Shortcut route If a verified complaint or resolution is filed by at least one-third of all Members, it constitutes the Articles of Impeachment, and trial by the Senate shall forthwith proceed
The one-year rule "No impeachment proceedings shall be initiated against the same official more than once within a period of one year" (Section 3(5))
Senate The Senate has the sole power to try and decide. When the President is on trial, the Chief Justice presides (without a vote). Conviction requires two-thirds of all Members of the Senate
Effect Removal from office and disqualification to hold any office. The party convicted remains liable to criminal prosecution

2025–2026 — the impeachment of Vice-President Sara Duterte

Other important provisions of Article XI: the Sandiganbayan (the anti-graft court, Section 4); the Ombudsman (Tanodbayan, Sections 5–14; a seven-year term without reappointment, with fiscal autonomy); the right to recover ill-gotten wealth is not barred by prescription (Section 15); the prohibition of loans from government financial institutions to high officials (Section 16); and the sworn statement of assets, liabilities and net worth = SALN (Section 17).

10. Article XII — National Economy and Patrimony (the heart of foreign ownership restrictions)

10-1. Section 2 — the Regalian Doctrine

The opening of the original text: "All lands of the public domain, waters, minerals, coal, petroleum, and other mineral oils, all forces of potential energy, fisheries, forests or timber, wildlife, flora and fauna, and other natural resources are owned by the State."

Issue What the text provides
State ownership All natural resources — lands of the public domain, waters, minerals, coal, petroleum, potential energy, fisheries, forests, wildlife and the rest — are owned by the State
Inalienability With the exception of agricultural lands, natural resources shall not be alienated
Modes of development The State may undertake it directly, or enter into co-production, joint venture or production-sharing agreements with Filipino citizens, or corporations at least 60% of whose capital is owned by Filipino citizens
Duration 25 years, renewable for not more than 25 years
Marine resources The use of marine wealth in the archipelagic waters, territorial sea and EEZ is reserved exclusively to Filipino citizens
The foreign-capital exception The President may enter into agreements with wholly foreign-owned corporations involving "either technical or financial assistance" (FTAAs) for large-scale exploration and development of minerals, petroleum and the like. Congress must be notified within 30 days of execution

In La Bugal-B'laan Tribal Association v. Ramos (G.R. No. 127882, 1 December 2004) the Supreme Court read the fourth paragraph's "agreements involving either technical or financial assistance" as including service contracts with appropriate safeguards, and upheld the Mining Act (RA 7942) and its implementing rules as constitutional (the decision on LawPhil). 注 Note that this was a decision on reconsideration reversing the original ruling of January 2004.

10-2. Section 3 — classification of public lands and area ceilings

Lands of the public domain are classified into agricultural, forest or timber, mineral lands, and national parks. Only agricultural lands are alienable.

Holder Ceiling on acquisition or lease
Private corporations or associations Lease only. 25 years (renewable for 25), not exceeding 1,000 ha
Filipino citizens Lease of not more than 500 ha; acquisition by purchase, homestead or grant of not more than 12 ha

10-3. Section 7 — the prohibition on land ownership by foreigners

The original: "Save in cases of hereditary succession, no private lands shall be transferred or conveyed except to individuals, corporations, or associations qualified to acquire or hold lands of the public domain."

10-4. Section 10 — reservation of investment areas and "Filipino First"

10-5. Section 11 — the 60/40 rule for public utilities

The gist of the original: - No franchise, certificate or other authorization for the operation of a public utility shall be granted except to Filipino citizens, or to corporations organized under Philippine law at least 60% of whose capital is owned by Filipino citizens. - No franchise shall be exclusive; the term shall not exceed 50 years. - Subject to amendment, alteration or repeal by Congress when the common good so requires. - Participation by foreign investors in the governing body shall be limited to their proportionate share in the capital, and all the executive and managing officers must be citizens of the Philippines.

In Gamboa v. Teves (G.R. No. 176579, 28 June 2011) the Supreme Court held that "capital" in Article XII, Section 11 refers to shares with voting rights in the election of directors, and not to total outstanding shares including non-voting preferred shares (the decision on LawPhil). In the PLDT case, only common shares form the numerator and denominator of the 60% computation.

10-6. Legislation that loosened the rules without amending the Constitution — RA 11659 (2022)

RA 11659 ("AN ACT AMENDING COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 146, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE PUBLIC SERVICE ACT, AS AMENDED"), enacted on 21 March 2022, defined by statute, as an exhaustive list, the meaning of "public utility" in Article XII, Section 11 (the LawPhil text; Section 13(d) as amended by Section 4).

What RA 11659 defines as a "public utility" (i.e. subject to 60/40)
① Distribution of Electricity
② Transmission of Electricity
③ Petroleum and Petroleum Products Pipeline Transmission Systems
④ Water Pipeline Distribution Systems and Wastewater Pipeline Systems
⑤ Seaports
⑥ Public Utility Vehicles

As a result, telecommunications, aviation, railways, expressways, shipping and the like were reclassified as "public services" but not "public utilities," making 100% foreign ownership theoretically possible. 注 However, the constitutionality of RA 11659 was reported to have been challenged before the Supreme Court in October 2022 (Manila Standard, 2022-12-16), and as of August 2026 no report of a final Supreme Court determination could be confirmed (unconfirmed).

10-7. Other important provisions of Article XII

Section Content
12 Promotion of the preferential use of Filipino labor, domestic materials and locally produced goods
14 "The practice of all professions in the Philippines shall be limited to Filipino citizens, save in cases prescribed by law" — the basis on which foreigners cannot register as physicians, lawyers, accountants and so on
17 In times of national emergency, the State may temporarily take over or direct the operation of any privately owned public utility or business affected with public interest
19 The regulation or prohibition of monopolies, and the prohibition of combinations in restraint of trade and unfair competition (the constitutional basis of competition law)
20 An independent central monetary authority (i.e. the BSP). Its board members must be natural-born citizens, and the majority must come from the private sector
21 Foreign loans are subject to law and to regulation by the monetary authority. Information on foreign loans obtained by the government shall be made available to the public

注 Article XVI, Section 11 is also part of the foreign ownership regime: the ownership and management of mass media is limited to citizens or to corporations or associations wholly owned and managed by Filipino citizens. The advertising industry must be at least 70% Filipino-owned, and all its executive and managing officers must be Filipino citizens.

11. Article XIII — Social Justice and Human Rights (the constitutional basis of agrarian reform)

12. Article XIV — Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture and Sports

The language provisions (Sections 6–9)

Section Content
6 "The national language of the Philippines is Filipino." It shall be further developed and enriched, and the Government shall take steps to use Filipino as a language of official communication and of instruction
7 "For purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of the Philippines are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English." The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and auxiliary media of instruction. Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis
8 The Constitution shall be promulgated in Filipino and English, and translated into the major regional languages, Arabic and Spanish
9 The establishment of a national language commission (the Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino)

注 The misconception that "English is not an official language" is in circulation, but the original says "until otherwise provided by law, English" = English is also an official language until changed by statute. RA 12027 of 10 October 2024 ended mother-tongue instruction (MTB-MLE) from kindergarten to Grade 3 as a rule, and stated explicitly that the medium of instruction "shall revert to Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English (pursuant to Article XIV, Section 7 of the 1987 Constitution)" (the LawPhil text). A good example of Article XIV, Section 7 directly driving actual education policy.

13. Article XV — The Family (part of why divorce is difficult)

Section Content
1 The family is the foundation of the nation
2 "Marriage, as an inviolable social institution, is the foundation of the family and shall be protected by the State."
3 The right of spouses to found a family in accordance with their religious convictions and the demands of responsible parenthood; the protection of children; the right to a family living wage; the right of families to participate in policy-making
4 The duty of the family to care for its elderly members, and social security provided by the State

注 Sorting out the misunderstandings about divorce

14. Article XVII — the three ways of amending the Constitution

# Method Requirement for proposal Basis
①Con-ass (Constituent Assembly — Congress proposing as a constituent body) Congress Three-fourths of all its Members Art. XVII, Sec. 1(1)
②Con-con (Constitutional Convention) A constitutional convention Congress may call a convention by a two-thirds vote of all its Members, or by a majority vote of all its Members submit to the electorate the question of calling such a convention Art. XVII, Secs. 1(2) and 3
③People's Initiative The people A petition of at least 12% of the total number of registered voters, of which every legislative district must be represented by at least 3% of its registered voters. Not available within five years of ratification, and thereafter not more often than once every five years Art. XVII, Sec. 2

15. Articles XVI and XVIII — general and transitory provisions

16. Comparison with the earlier constitutions

Constitution Adoption / ratification Form of government President / Prime Minister Foreign capital in natural resources and public utilities Features
The 1935 Constitution Ratified 14 May 1935 (per the text on LawPhil) Presidential. Initially a unicameral National Assembly → bicameral by the 1940 amendment Initially six years without re-election → four years, two terms, by the 1940 amendment Natural resources vested in the State by Article XIII, Section 1. Public utilities 60% Filipino under Article XIV, Section 8 Adopted under American rule (the Tydings-McDuffie Act). The 1947 "Parity Amendment" granted US citizens equal rights
The 1943 Constitution The constitution of the Second Republic under Japanese occupation. The text gives no ratification date; Article XI provides for ratification "by a vote of the people or by a specially convened assembly" (the text on LawPhil) A republic (in substance, under occupation) The President was chosen by the National Assembly for a six-year term — The preamble refers to the "Greater East Asia War." It lapsed in 1945
The 1973 Constitution Declared ratified on 17 January 1973 by Proclamation No. 1102 through the "barangays" (citizens' assemblies). Yes 14,976,561 / No 743,869; separately, 14,298,814 opposed holding a further plebiscite Parliamentary (initially). 17 Articles in all "The executive power shall be exercised by the Prime Minister with the assistance of the Cabinet"; "legislative power shall be vested in the National Assembly" 60% for both natural resources and public utilities It took effect under martial law. Amended in 1976, 1980, 1981 and 1984, reverting in substance to a presidential system
The Freedom Constitution (1986) Proclamation No. 3 of 25 March 1986 A provisional revolutionary government Provisional legislative power in the President Selectively adopted the relevant provisions of the 1973 Constitution It provisionally adopted only the 1973 Constitution's provisions on national territory, citizenship, the bill of rights and suffrage. Article V required a ConCom within 60 days and a plebiscite within 60 days of the draft's submission
The 1987 Constitution Plebiscite of 2 February 1987 (Yes 16,622,111 / No 4,953,375); Proclamation No. 58 of 11 February Presidential and bicameral A six-year presidency with no re-election whatsoever 60/40 (Art. XII, Secs. 2, 10 and 11) "Grave abuse of discretion" review (Art. VIII, Sec. 1), congressional and judicial control of martial law, the independence of the constitutional commissions, the prohibition of political dynasties (awaiting an implementing law)

注 Saying "the Philippine Constitution has been amended X times" tends to conflate separate constitutions (1935/1943/1973/1987) with amendments within a single constitution. The number of amendments to the 1987 Constitution itself is zero.

17. The charter-change debate as of 2026

Date Development Source
2024-02 to 03 RBH 7 (Resolution of Both Houses No. 7, the House version) and RBH 6 (the Senate version) proposed "charter change limited to the economic provisions." They would insert the words "unless otherwise provided by law" into the foreign-equity provisions of Article XII (natural resources and public utilities), Article XIV (educational institutions) and Article XVI (advertising), leaving subsequent liberalization to ordinary legislation (the so-called "Bernas method") Inquirer.net / PNA / GMA reports (2024-02-19 to 03-20)
2024-03-20 The House passed RBH 7 on final reading and transmitted it to the Senate Inquirer.net / Manila Bulletin, 2024-03-20
2024-05 to 2025 Deliberation stalled in the Senate. It lapsed with the end of the 19th Congress in June 2025 Journal News Online, 2024-05-26 and others. 注 No primary source expressly recording the lapse could be reached
2025-07-15 A legislator said in the 20th Congress that "economic charter change is still possible" Inquirer.net, 2025-07-15
2025-10-07 The Office of the President: "what is needed now is not charter change but a change of heart" Inquirer.net / PNA, 2025-10-07
2025-11-12 to 13 The NUP (National Unity Party) proposed a constitutional convention in 2026 and clarification of the "forthwith" clause in impeachment. Former Chief Justice Puno: "since Congress is not trusted, a con-con is preferable" Philstar.com, 2025-11-12 / Inquirer.net, 2025-11-13
2025-11-21 Economists advocated abolishing the "Filipino-first" rule Manila Bulletin, 2025-11-21
2026-01-29 to 31 The Supreme Court finalized its ruling on the Vice-President's impeachment → Senate President Sotto said the Constitution "had been shaken" ("Nabulabog yung Konstitusyon") and expressed openness to charter change clarifying the impeachment provisions ABS-CBN, 2026-01-30 / Inquirer.net, 2026-01-31
2026-02-01 Commentary that "the charter-change move is a threat to judicial independence" BusinessWorld Online, 2026-02-01
2026-02-02 President Marcos: "I have no interest in proposals to amend the Constitution" Inquirer.net, 2026-02-02
2026-02-13 Senate President Sotto faced an indirect contempt petition over his criticism of the Supreme Court PNA, 2026-02-13
2026-05 Senator Imee Marcos claimed there was a charter-change plan "to do away with the 2028 elections" (no-el), which the Office of the President flatly denied as "fake news." She withdrew the video Daily Tribune, 2026-05-21 / Philstar.com, 2026-05-25 and 30 / PNA, 2026-05-26 / Rappler fact check, 2026-06-03

The issues as they stand in 2026

  1. Economic charter change (economic Cha-cha): the leading approach is not to abolish 60/40 but to insert "unless otherwise provided by law" and leave it to Congress's discretion. 注 As of August 2026, however, no report of a concrete passage in the 20th Congress could be confirmed (unconfirmed).
  2. Amending the impeachment provisions: after the Supreme Court's January 2026 ruling, there is a push to clarify the meaning of the "one-year rule" and "forthwith" in the text of the Constitution. There are objections that this would encroach on judicial independence.
  3. Term extension and the "no-el" suspicion: every time charter change comes up, suspicions of "extending the terms of the President and legislators" or "cancelling the 2028 elections" erupt, and this has been the single biggest factor making charter change politically impossible. The Office of the President has repeatedly denied it.
  4. The procedural wall: the dispute over whether the Con-ass "three-fourths" is counted jointly or separately remains unresolved. For people's initiative, the inadequacy of the implementing law identified in Santiago has still not been cured.

18. Seven points Japanese practitioners must grasp

注(Corrected in the 2026-08-26 verification. The earlier heading said "nine points," but the items enumerated are seven.)

  1. Foreign individuals and foreign corporations cannot own land (Art. XII, Sec. 7). Inheritance and former Filipinos (Sec. 8) are the exceptions.
  2. All natural resources are owned by the State (Art. XII, Sec. 2). Development follows 60/40 as a rule, with room for 100% foreign capital only through an FTAA for large-scale minerals and petroleum.
  3. The 60/40 rule for "public utilities" is constitutional (Art. XII, Sec. 11). But RA 11659 (2022) narrowed "public utility" to an exhaustive list of six areas, taking telecommunications, aviation, railways and the like outside it. 注 The outcome of the constitutional challenge is unconfirmed.
  4. Under Gamboa, the 60% is computed on voting shares.
  5. Mass media is 100% and advertising 70% (Art. XVI, Sec. 11). The practice of professions is limited to Filipino citizens (Art. XII, Sec. 14). Educational institutions are also 60/40 (Art. XIV, Sec. 4(2)), with foreign enrollment capped at one-third.
  6. Public utility franchises run no more than 50 years and are non-exclusive; foreigners may sit on the board only in proportion to their shareholding, and all executive and managing officers must be Filipino citizens.
  7. All of these are constitutional and cannot be repealed by ordinary legislation. Liberalization comes down to two choices: rewriting the definitions (the RA 11659 approach) or amending the Constitution.

19. Principal sources

Primary sources - The text of the 1987 Constitution (LawPhil Project, lawphil.net/consti/cons1987.html, and the full-text PDF held by the University of Minnesota Human Rights Library) - Proclamation No. 3, s.1986 (the Freedom Constitution) / Proclamation No. 9, s.1986 (creating the Constitutional Commission) / Proclamation No. 58, s.1987 (declaring ratification) / Proclamation No. 1102, s.1973 (declaring ratification of the 1973 Constitution) — all texts on LawPhil - The texts of the 1935, 1943 and 1973 Constitutions (LawPhil) - RA 11054 (2018-07-23) / RA 11659 (2022-03-21) / RA 12027 (2024-10-10) / RA 8438 (1997-12-22) / RA 7878 (1995-02-14) — all texts on LawPhil - RA 12317 (2026-03-25) — the text in the Supreme Court E-Library (elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/101088) - Supreme Court decisions: De Leon v. Esguerra (G.R. No. L-78059, 1987-08-31) / Ordillo v. COMELEC (G.R. No. 93054, 1990-12-04) / Santiago v. COMELEC (G.R. No. 127325, 1997-03-19) / Bayan v. Zamora (G.R. No. 138570, 2000-10-10) / La Bugal-B'laan v. Ramos (G.R. No. 127882, 2004-12-01) / Lambino v. COMELEC (G.R. No. 174153, 2006-10-25) / Gamboa v. Teves (G.R. No. 176579, 2011-06-28) — all texts on LawPhil - The list of the decision and separate opinions in Sara Z. Duterte v. House of Representatives (G.R. Nos. 278353 / 278359) posted on the Supreme Court website (sc.judiciary.gov.ph), 2025-07-25 / 2026-01-29. The full text of the decision could not be reached

Secondary sources (press) Philippine Daily Inquirer, Philstar.com, Rappler, BusinessWorld, Manila Bulletin, ABS-CBN, GMA Network, Philippine News Agency, Daily Tribune, SunStar, Manila Standard, VERA Files (the date of each article is given in the text)

注 Primary sources not reached - ~~The text of De Leon v. Esguerra~~ → reached in the 2026-08-26 verification (G.R. No. L-78059, 1987-08-31, the LawPhil text). The earlier version's "G.R. No. 78059, 1988-08-31" was wrong in both the number and the year - The official results of the 1998 Cordillera autonomy plebiscite - An official record showing the lapse of RBH 6 and RBH 7 in the 19th Congress - The full-text PDF of the decision in Sara Z. Duterte v. House of Representatives

※ This document does not cite Wikipedia or other encyclopedias as sources.

Verification record (2026-08-26)

This section is the complete record of the fact-verification carried out across the four institutional documents (The 1987 Constitution / Agrarian Reform and CARP / Poverty and Social Security / The Japan–Philippines Economic Relationship in Detail). This file serves as the representative file, and the corrections to the other three are consolidated here. 注 Verification policy: Wikipedia was not used as a source at any point (where it was consulted as a lead, the original was always obtained and only the original cited). No access whatsoever was made to the DENR, EMB, NSWMC or DOTr domains.

A. Errors corrected (settled and amended)

# File Location Old text (wrong) Corrected (right) Primary source
A-1 Japan–Philippines economic relationship 4-2, the content of tariff elimination Japan about 97% / the Philippines about 92% Japan about 92% / the Philippines about 97% (about 94% of two-way trade, on 2003 trade data) — the two were reversed The Customs text of "On the Japan–Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement" (PDF, fully extracted with a PDF text extractor)
A-2 Japan–Philippines economic relationship 3-1, cumulative ODA "cumulative through FY2021 = ¥4,625.643 bn"; "an increase of about ¥300 bn over two years" "cumulative through FY2022 = ¥4,625.643 bn"; "an increase of ¥304.289 bn in one year (FY2023)." The difference matches FY2023 alone exactly (yen loans 297.400 / grants 3.400 / technical cooperation 3.489) MOFA, "ODA Country Data Book 2023," Tables 1-1 and 1-2 / "…2024," Table 1 (both PDFs extracted with a PDF text extractor)
A-3 The 1987 Constitution 9, impeachment Impeachable officials are "six categories only" Five categories (President / Vice-President / Justices of the Supreme Court / members of the Constitutional Commissions / the Ombudsman) The text of Article XI, Section 2 (LawPhil)
A-4 The 1987 Constitution 1, 注Easily got wrong ① De Leon v. Esguerra "G.R. No. 78059, 31 August 1988"; "注primary source not reached" G.R. No. L-78059, 31 August 1987. The text of the decision was reached and the holding that "the date of effectivity is 2 February 1987" verified in the original LawPhil judjuris/juri1987/aug1987/gr_l-78059_1987.html
A-5 The 1987 Constitution 1, How it came about / 15 The ConCom's approval of 1986-10-12 and signing of 10-15 are recorded in "Article XVIII, Section 27" The closing certification placed immediately after Section 27. Section 27 contains only the effectivity provision The text of the Constitution (LawPhil)
A-6 The 1987 Constitution 8-1, BARMM RA 12317 enacted 2026-03-24 25 March 2026 (the original reads [ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 12317, March 25, 2026 ]) The text of RA 12317 in the Supreme Court E-Library
A-7 The 1987 Constitution 8-2, the Cordilleras RA 8438 "Section 15, Article 11" Article XV, Section 11 — article and section reversed. A breach of this body of material's own rule LawPhil ra_8438_1997.html
A-8 The 1987 Constitution 18, heading "Nine points to grasp" Seven points (seven items are enumerated) Internal consistency of the text
A-9 Agrarian reform 3, table of postwar legislation RA 3844 "1963, 注approval date unconfirmed" 8 August 1963 (the original closes "Approved: August 8, 1963") LawPhil ra_3844_1963.html
A-10 Agrarian reform 6-1-2 "Section 2 of RA 8532 amended Section 63 of RA 6657" Section 1 of RA 8532 made the amendment. Section 2 is the effectivity clause LawPhil ra_8532_1998.html
A-11 Agrarian reform 7, RA 11953 "Section 21 of RA 6657 = payment of amortizations by beneficiaries" Section 21 is "Payment of Compensation by Beneficiaries Under Voluntary Land Transfer" (direct payment to the landowner under VLT). Amortization (30 annual installments at 6% interest) is Section 26 LawPhil ra_6657_1988.html, Sections 21 and 26
A-12 Poverty and social security 4-3, the 4Ps budget The 2026 budget proposal "₱129.9 bn" ₱113.0 bn (in both the 2026 NEP and the 2026 GAA). The cited GMA article is headlined P129.9B but its body says "almost P113 billion" — self-contradictory The body of GMA, 2025-08-13 / Rappler, 2025-09-09 / DSWD official, 2026-01-30
A-13 Poverty and social security 4-3, the 4Ps budget Presented "the 2027 request: 4Ps ₱100 bn / DSWD ₱270 bn" as budget figures 2027 NEP: 4Ps ₱99.08 bn / DSWD overall ₱241.6 bn (▲8.6% against the 2026 GAA). The ₱270 bn was the department's request as of July Rappler, 2026-08-15 (the NEP)
A-14 Poverty and social security 4-3 "1.4 million households graduated in 2026" The 1.4 million is the cumulative number graduated since 2022. 2026 is a restoration of 500,000 households (of which 493,000 newly registered) Statements by the DSWD Secretary / PNA and Philstar, 2026-03-26; Daily Tribune, 2026-05-06
A-15 Poverty and social security 5-3, GSIS For the judiciary and constitutional commissioners: "member 3% / employer —" Member 3% / employer also 3% (for the life insurance component) LawPhil ra_8291_1997.html, Section 5(a)
A-16 Poverty and social security 1-1 Attributed the 2025 poverty rate of 9.7% to "a DSWD official announcement" The publishing body is PSA, and the policy announcement came from DEPDev (formerly NEDA). The DSWD is not the responsible agency PNA / Inquirer / GMA / Rappler, 2026-08-21
A-17 Poverty and social security 7, discount schemes "Section 32(a) of RA 10754" Section 32(a) of RA 7277 (as amended by Section 1 of RA 10754). RA 10754 has six sections and no Section 32 LawPhil ra_10754_2016.html
A-18 Japan–Philippines economic relationship 4-2, main items Automobiles: "under 3,000cc … renegotiated in 2009; above that eliminated 2010–2013" Over 3,000cc = elimination in 2010 as a rule (2013 at the latest even after renegotiation) / 3,000cc and under = reduced to 20% by 2009 and then renegotiated The Customs summary PDF of the agreement

B. Places where indicators or definitions were supplied for clarity (rankings, superlatives, estimates)

# File Content
B-1 Japan–Philippines economic relationship The indicator for cumulative ODA of "about ¥4.9 trillion" was made explicit: the sum of yen loans, grants and technical cooperation (yen loans alone are ¥4,330.273 bn). The basis is exchange of notes (technical cooperation on a budget-year expenditure basis). 注The cumulative note in the 2023 Data Book says yen loans are "on a loan-agreement basis," so the explanations differ by edition and both are presented
B-2 Japan–Philippines economic relationship The indicator for "the top DAC donor" = calendar year, gross disbursements, bilateral donors only. The latest published edition is the "Country Data Book 2024" = through 2022 actuals. It therefore cannot be written as "top as of 2026"; "consistently top through calendar 2022" is accurate. The 2022 row was newly added (Japan 1,468.13 / US 155.72 / Korea 125.18 / Australia 76.82 / Germany 34.29)
B-3 Japan–Philippines economic relationship MOFA's "Basic Data on the Philippines" gives a different ranking (by recipient of Japan's cumulative ODA, the Philippines is third after India and Bangladesh), added with its indicator so that it is not confused with being the top DAC donor
B-4 Japan–Philippines economic relationship The indicator for "Japan's eighth EPA partner" = order of entry into force (fourth by order of signature). The list of the eight in force is given
B-5 Japan–Philippines economic relationship The indicator for "19th in exports / 16th in imports" = rank by value in US dollars among countries and regions. The JETRO source file (xlsx) was re-read with openpyxl, and the −US$52.7 bn with China and +US$49.8 bn with the US were re-computed and confirmed
B-6 Japan–Philippines economic relationship A 注 was attached to the Philippine side's "second in imports from Japan," noting that it is effectively tied with third-place Korea, about US$30 million apart
B-7 Japan–Philippines economic relationship Made explicit that the EPA tariff-elimination ratios are the values at entry into force, on 2003 trade data (not the current applied tariffs)
B-8 Japan–Philippines economic relationship The indicator for steel's "more than 60% eliminated immediately" = by volume of Japanese exports
B-9 The 1987 Constitution The denominator was made explicit for the approval percentage in the 1987 plebiscite (77.04% on valid votes / 76.30% on total votes cast including abstentions). The 209,730 abstentions, the 21,785,216 total votes and the 83,288 precincts were added from the original
B-10 Agrarian reform Made explicit that "the 2026 DAR budget of ₱17.4 bn" is the amount proposed in the NEP, not the enacted GAA figure (the enacted figure is primary-source-unreached)
B-11 Poverty and social security Clarified the indicator for the number of 4Ps households: a ceiling of 4.4 million / a peak actual of more than 4.3 million / distinguishing the three stages of "request, NEP and GAA"
B-12 Poverty and social security Made explicit that the table of international agencies' cooperation with the Philippines is a table of grant-type actuals and does not include ADB and World Bank lending

C. Principal items collated against the originals and confirmed free of error

Subject What was checked Primary source
Article XII of the Constitution Section 2 (the Regalian Doctrine, 25 years + 25 renewal, marine wealth reserved to citizens, FTAA and the 30-day notice) / Section 3 (1,000 ha, 500 ha, 12 ha) / Section 7 (the restriction on transfer of private land save by inheritance) / Section 8 (the former-citizen exception) / Section 10 (the 60% reservation and Filipino First) / Section 11 (60%, non-exclusive, 50 years, all executive officers citizens) / Section 12 / Section 14 (professions) / Section 17 / Sections 19–21 — collated section by section in full against the original; no errors The text of the 1987 Constitution (LawPhil)
Article XIII of the Constitution Section 1 and Section 3 (labor, "local and overseas," living wage) / Section 4 (agrarian reform) / Section 6 / Section 7 ("communal marine and fishing resources," "foreign intrusion") / Sections 17–19 (the CHR: a chairman and four members, a majority members of the Bar, powers over civil and political rights, automatic release of appropriations) — no errors Same
Article XVII of the Constitution Section 1(1) three-fourths of all Members / Sections 1(2) and 3, the convention (called by two-thirds; submitted to the electorate by a majority) / Section 2, people's initiative (12% plus 3% per legislative district; barred for five years after ratification and thereafter once every five years) / Section 4 (60–90 days) — no errors Same
The Constitution, various Article III has 22 sections and Article XVIII 27; the title of Article XIV; Article VI (24 senators, 250 representatives, 20% party-list, terms); Article VII (age 40, no re-election, 60-day martial law); Article VIII (15 justices, grave abuse of discretion); Article IX (CSC 3 / COMELEC 7 / COA 3, seven years without reappointment, 60 days and 30 days); Article X (Sections 1, 6 "national taxes," 15, 18 and 19); Article XVIII, Section 25 (foreign military bases) — all free of error Same
RA 6657 Section 4 / Section 6 (a 5 ha retention plus 3 ha per child, aged at least 15 and actually tilling or directly managing) / Section 7 / Section 24 (180 days, the CLOA) / Section 27 (ten years) / Section 31 (the SDO) / Section 65 (five years after award) — no errors The LawPhil text
RA 9700 Section 5 → Section 7 (the 30 June 2014 deadline; NOC of 2008-12-10) / Section 12 → Section 27 (ten years) / Section 21 → Section 63 (₱150 bn) / Section 22 → Section 65 / Section 30 (pending cases proceed past the deadline; a standalone provision not inserted into RA 6657) — no errors The LawPhil text
RA 11953 The figures in Section 2 (P57.557 billion / 610,054 persons / 1,173,101.57 ha / P14.5B and 263,622 persons / P43.057B / P206,247,776.41, 10,201 persons, 11,531.24 ha) / Section 16 (modifying Section 21 of RA 6657) — every figure matches the text of the law The LawPhil text
RA 7881 and RA 7905 The provisions amended (7881 = Section 3(b), Section 10, the first paragraph of Section 11, plus the new Sections 32-A and 65-A et seq.; 7905 = Sections 35, 36, 44 and 45) — no errors. Approved 1995-02-20 and 1995-02-23 The LawPhil texts
Act No. 1120 Enacted 26 April 1904 ("Enacted, April 26, 1904."), the Friar Lands Act — no errors The LawPhil text
RA 11310 (the 4Ps Act) Section 4 (a maximum of seven years) / Section 5 (re-validation every three years) / Section 6 (poor and near-poor; children aged 0–18 or a pregnant woman) / Section 7 (₱300 / ₱500 / ₱700 / ₱750) / Section 11 (85% attendance) / Section 24 (penalties of ₱10,000–100,000) — no errors. The approval date is fixed at 2019-04-17 The LawPhil text
RA 11199 (SSS) and RA 11223 (UHC) The contribution-rate table in Section 4(a)(9) (2019–2025) / the premium table in Section 10 (2019–2025) / Section 11 (amounts above the reserve ceiling go to benefit expansion and premium reduction) — every figure in the tables matches the text of the law The LawPhil texts
RA 11916 and RA 10645 11916 = approved 2022-07-30, amending Sections 2(j) and 5 of RA 7432, the social pension "not lower than ₱1,000" / 10645 = approved 2014-11-05, amending Section 5(h)(2) of RA 7432 for universal PhilHealth coverage — no errors The LawPhil texts
The Japan–Philippines EPA Signed 2006-09-09 (Helsinki, on the occasion of the ASEM summit) / in force 2008-12-11 / exchange of notes 2008-11-11 — no errors MOFA, METI, Customs
Normalization of diplomatic relations 23 July 1956 (the entry into force of the San Francisco Peace Treaty and the Japan–Philippines Reparations Agreement) — no errors The Embassy of Japan in the Philippines, "70th anniversary of Japan–Philippines normalization," and others
Statistics on foreign residents End-2025: 4,125,395 in total (+356,418 / +9.5%); the Philippines 356,579 (+15,061), fourth; permanent residents 947,125 / engineer-specialist-in-humanities 475,790 / students 464,784 / technical intern trainees 456,618 / specified skilled workers 390,296 — every figure agrees Immigration Services Agency of Japan, "Number of foreign residents as of the end of 2025"
The 2025 poverty statistics 9.7% (person basis) / 11.08 million persons / households 6.4%, 1.90 million households / a poverty threshold of ₱35,121 per person per year, ₱2,927 per month, ₱14,634 a month for a family of five / ₱13,873 in 2023 — the figures agree (注the PSA original tables could not be reached because of automated-access blocking) Reporting of the PSA/DEPDev release (2026-08-21)
Cumulative EPA nurses and caregivers The breakdowns by country and occupation are consistent with the totals (768+695+275=1,738 / 3,491+3,105+1,669=8,265 / total 10,003) — internally consistent JICWELS

D. 注 Items where the primary source could not be reached (still unresolved in this version)

File Item Obstacle
Poverty and social security / Japan–Philippines economic relationship The original tables of PSA's (psa.gov.ph) poverty and trade statistics automated-access blocking (not circumvented even via an alternate route)
Poverty and social security The House CPBRD's "DSWD Agency Budget Notes FY 2026" PDF (the basis for the 4.3 million-household 4Ps actual) Same
Poverty and social security The provision underlying Pag-IBIG's "₱10,000 monthly fund salary" ceiling Carried over from the previous version
Japan–Philippines economic relationship The House CPBRD's "2025 Philippine Trade in Goods" PDF Same
Agrarian reform The enacted DAR budget in the 2026 GAA The DBM's published GAA2026 Volume I-A DAR PDF is an image PDF from which text cannot be extracted
Agrarian reform The loan amount and approval date of the World Bank's SPLIT (P172346) / the cumulative converted area on a DAR-permit basis / the text of the Ombudsman resolution Carried over from the previous version
The 1987 Constitution The official results of the 1998 Cordillera autonomy plebiscite / an official record showing the lapse of RBH 6 and 7 / the full-text PDF of the Sara Z. Duterte decision Carried over from the previous version

E. The originals used in this verification (newly obtained and fully extracted)

[Related] Philippine foreign investment restrictions (the Negative List) / Forms of land and real estate ownership / The Local Government Code (RA 7160) and BARMM / The judicial system and the Supreme Court / The 2028 general election and the political situation

日本語の詳細版: 分野「政治・法制度」「1987年フィリピン憲法（1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines）逐条ガイド」（本サイト日本語版）。関連＝「フィリピンの外資規制（ネガティブリスト）」「土地・不動産の所有形態」「地方自治法典（RA 7160）とBARMM」「司法制度と最高裁」「2028年総選挙と政治情勢」。