Philippines Disaster Database
0. How to Use This Material — Read Before Citing Any Number
0-1. Hierarchy of sources ( which figure you pick changes the conclusion)
| Category | Agency / Source | Nature | Caution |
|---|---|---|---|
| Official (leans confirmed) | NDRRMC (National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council) Situational Report / Final Report | The government's sole official tally: deaths, missing, damage (infrastructure + agriculture) | Figures shift by report number and date. Always confirm whether it is the "Final Report" |
| Official (earthquake / volcano) | PHIVOLCS (DOST-PHIVOLCS) | Magnitude, epicenter, alert level | Magnitude and depth routinely differ from USGS |
| Official (weather) | PAGASA (DOST-PAGASA) | Track, landfall point, intensity, signal | 10-minute average wind speed. JTWC uses 1-minute average, so its figures run larger |
| International | EM-DAT (CRED) / IFRC / OCHA・ReliefWeb | For international comparison | Death tolls can come out higher than NDRRMC's |
| Industry / local government / NGO | Provincial government statements, environmental groups' damage claims | Fast to report | Do not treat on the same footing as government statistics |
注 Point you'll get wrong if you don't know it, #1: For Philippine disaster deaths, there are cases where the "official figure (NDRRMC)" and the "estimated figure" differ by an order of magnitude (Yolanda, Uring, Payatas, Doña Paz). This material lists both figures side by side and always states which one is which.
注 Point #2: "Damage" (被害額) normally means the sum of infrastructure damage + agricultural damage, and usually does not include housing, private assets, environmental damage, or lost income/profit. So "NDRRMC damage figure," "reconstruction funding need," and "estimated economic loss" are different things.
注 Point #3: Typhoons carry two names — an international name (JMA) and a Philippine name (PAGASA). Philippine domestic reporting and government documents almost always use only the Philippine name. If you cannot map "Yolanda = Haiyan" and "Odette = Rai," you cannot read this material.
0-2. Basic typhoon figures (PAGASA)
| Item | Figure | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Tropical cyclones entering the PAR (Philippine Area of Responsibility) per year | About 20 (of which 8–9 cross the Philippine mainland; about 70% occur July–October) | PAGASA's official "Tropical Cyclone Information" page (retrieved directly, 2026-08-26): "With the average of 20 TCs in this region per year, with about 8 or 9 of them crossing the Philippines." PAGASA's "Annual Report on Philippine Tropical Cyclones 2020" (PDF) further states the 30-year (1991–2020) climatological average as 20.2. In the 2026-08-26 citation-hygiene pass, an entry that had come via Wikipedia was replaced with this primary source |
| Of these, making landfall | At least about 10 | Same as above |
| Of these, destructive ones | About 5 | Same as above |
| PAGASA naming list | 25 names × 4 sets on a 4-year rotation, plus 10 auxiliary names | Same as above |
| Name-retirement criteria | 300+ deaths or ₱1 billion+ in damage | Same as above |
| Typhoon warning signals | #1: 39–61km/h / #2: 62–88 / #3: 89–117 / #4: 118–184 / #5: 185km/h and above | Same as above |
1. Typhoons and Tropical Depressions
1-1. Deadliest typhoons (all-time ranking, any era)
| Rank | International name | Philippine name | Year | Deaths (official / estimated) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Haiyan | Yolanda | 2013 | 6,300 (NDRRMC, confirmed 2016-04-17) / 1,061 missing | A claim of "up to 15,000" circulates in some sources = unconfirmed |
| 2 | Thelma | Uring | 1991 | Official 5,081+ / estimated 5,101–8,000 | 4,922 confirmed in Ormoc City alone |
| 3 | Bopha | Pablo | 2012 | About 1,901 | NDRRMC as of 2012-12-13: 902 dead, 635 missing |
| 4 | (1867 typhoon) | 注"Angela" | 1867 | About 1,800 | Historical record. (Noted in the 2026-08-26 verification pass) This "Angela" was not a PAGASA-assigned name. Philippine typhoon naming began only in 1963; this is merely a historical label attached to an 1867 storm. Unrelated to the 1995 Typhoon Angela (Philippine name Rosing, see 1-3 below) — do not conflate the two |
| 5 | Winnie (tropical depression) | Winnie | 2004 | 1,593 | Flash floods and mudslides in Quezon province |
| 6 | October 1897 storm | — | 1897 | About 1,500 | Historical record |
| 7 | Ike | Nitang | 1984 | 1,426 | |
| 8 | Durian | Reming | 2006 | EM-DAT 1,399 / NDCC official 734 + 762 missing | Mayon lahars (volcanic mudflows) were the main cause |
| 9 | Fengshen | Frank | 2008 | 1,371 | About 846 of these were from the sinking of the ferry Princess of the Stars |
| 10 | Washi | Sendong | 2011 | NDRRMC 1,268 / 1,292 / IFRC 2,546 | 注A representative case where sources differ by nearly double. (Added in the 2026-08-26 verification pass) secondary-source "all-time deadliest" tables give a lower bound of 1,292, a 24-person gap from this material's 1,268. 注2026-08-26 citation-hygiene finding: neither side of this gap can be traced to the NDRRMC's original report — i.e., the primary source has not been reached as of 2026-08-26 (ndrrmc.gov.ph returns 403). 注Neither figure has been deleted. Do not cite NDRRMC figures without also giving the report number and date |
(注Source note: in the 2026-08-26 citation-hygiene pass, the English-language Wikipedia table that had previously served as the source for this table was removed from the source list. The ranking and death tolls in this table should be treated as "primary source not yet reached, as of 2026-08-26." The figures are retained, but must never be cited on their own — always accompany them with the NDRRMC report number and date, or an EM-DAT record ID. Reachable alternative routes: PAGASA's "Annual Report on Philippine Tropical Cyclones," each year's PDF (pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph), EM-DAT (CRED), and major news outlets. 注ndrrmc.gov.ph returned 403 as of 2026-08-26. See the individual entries below for case-by-case detail)
(Cross-checked in the 2026-08-26 verification pass. 注However, the counterpart used for cross-checking was the English Wikipedia's "ten deadliest" table, which was itself removed from the source list during the citation-hygiene pass. What follows is the result of cross-checking against a secondary source, not confirmation against a primary source) The ranking and death tolls in this table were cross-checked as follows: #1 Yolanda 6,300 / #2 Uring 5,101–8,000 / #3 Pablo 1,901 / #4 the 1867 "Angela" 1,800 / #5 Winnie 1,593 / #6 the October 1897 storm 1,500 / #7 Nitang 1,426 / #8 Reming 1,399 / #9 Frank 1,371 / #10 Sendong 1,292–2,546 = all entries matched except for Sendong's lower bound.
1-2. Highest-damage typhoons (NDRRMC basis)
| Rank | International name / Philippine name | Year | Damage (PHP) | Damage (USD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Haiyan / Yolanda | 2013 | ₱95.48 billion | $2.15 billion 注 |
| 2 | Rai / Odette | 2021 | ₱51.7 billion | $1.01 billion |
| 3 | Rammasun / Glenda | 2014 | ₱38.6 billion | $771 million |
| 4 | Bopha / Pablo | 2012 | ₱36.9 billion | $724 million |
| 5 | Mangkhut / Ompong | 2018 | ₱33.9 billion | $627 million |
| 6 | Parma / Pepeng | 2009 | ₱27.3 billion | $591 million |
| 7 | Vamco / Ulysses | 2020 | ₱20.2 billion | $420 million |
| 8 | Wipha / Crising | 2025 | ₱18.4 billion | 注$373 million (see note below) |
| 9 | Trami / Kristine | 2024 | ₱18.4 billion | 注$373 million (see note below) |
| 10 | Goni / Rolly | 2020 | ₱17.9 billion | $371 million |
注(Found during the 2026-08-26 verification pass) The dollar conversions for rows 8 and 9 above do not match the exchange rates of their respective years. ₱18.4 billion ÷ $373 million implies a rate of ₱49.3/$, but the field "Statistical Time Series" §9-1's actual WDI annual-average rates are ₱57.29/$ for 2024 and ₱57.51/$ for 2025. Converting the same ₱18.4 billion at each year's annual average rate instead gives about $321 million for 2024 and about $320 million for 2025 — about 14% lower than the $373 million shown in the table. - The fact that rows 8 and 9 also show identical peso and dollar figures raises suspicion of a transcription duplication. - 注The original table's figures have not been deleted, but the dollar figures in these two rows should not be cited. Since NDRRMC only publishes figures in pesos, the correct practice is to state the peso figure (₱18.4 billion) plus the conversion rate used. - Including the other rows, the implied conversion rates in this table's dollar figures range widely from ₱44–54/$, meaning the conversion date differs row by row (i.e., disaster-date rates and annual-average rates are mixed together). Do not mechanically compare dollar-denominated damage figures across rows.
注 Two figures circulate for Odette's damage: ₱47.6 billion and ₱51.7 billion (reflecting different NDRRMC report numbers). When citing this in writing, always give the source and date.
注(Added in the 2026-08-26 verification pass) There are also two dollar figures for Yolanda's damage. The $2.15 billion in the table above is the conversion used in the "all-time damage ranking" table this table is based on; the approximately $2.2 billion (US$2.2 billion) cited in 1-3 and 1-4 of this material is 注a case where the primary source has not been reached as of 2026-08-26 — the former Wikipedia citation was removed from the source list. The peso figure of ₱95.48 billion is consistent across both, so whenever citing a dollar-converted figure, state the conversion rate and source explicitly. Neither figure has been deleted.
1-3. Timeline of major typhoons (1990 onward)
| Year | Int'l name | PH name | Landfall date/location | Peak intensity | Deaths/missing | Damage | Main affected areas |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1991 | Thelma | Uring | Nov 4, crossed the Visayas; Nov 5, torrential rain in Ormoc | Tropical storm (75–85km/h) weak | Official 5,081+ / missing nationwide 1,941–3,084 | $27.67 million (1991) | Ormoc City, Leyte |
| 1995 | Angela | Rosing | Landfall Nov 2 | JTWC 1-minute average 260km/h (Cat. 5-equivalent) | 882 (domestic) | ₱9.33–10.83 billion / $315 million | Bicol, Catanduanes, Metro Manila |
| 2006 | Durian | Reming | Predawn Nov 30, northern Albay | JMA 195km/h | 734 + 762 missing (NDCC) / 1,399 (EM-DAT) | ₱5.45 billion / $110 million | Albay (Mayon lahar; about 149 dead around Daraga) |
| 2008 | Fengshen | Frank | June 20, Samar island and elsewhere | JMA 165km/h, 945hPa | 1,371 (87 missing) | ₱13.525 billion / about $480 million | Iloilo, sea disaster off Romblon |
| 2009 | Ketsana | Ondoy | Sep 26, north of Metro Manila | Tropical storm | 464 dead, 529 injured, 37 missing (1,030 total) | ₱11.16 billion / $237 million | 454.9mm in 24 hours (Quezon City Science Garden, PAGASA) |
| 2009 | Parma | Pepeng | October (stalled over northern Luzon) | Typhoon | Combined with Ketsana, over 1,400 dead | ₱27.3 billion | Cordillera, Pangasinan |
| 2011 | Washi | Sendong | Dec 16, made landfall on Mindanao | Tropical storm | 1,268 (NDRRMC) / 2,546 (IFRC), 181 missing | ₱2.068 billion | Cagayan de Oro, Iligan (475mm in 24 hours) |
| 2012 | Bopha | Pablo | Dec 4, 04:45, Baganga, Davao Oriental | Cat. 5-equivalent | About 1,901 | ₱36.9 billion | New Bataan (Compostela Valley); 70–80% of banana plantations destroyed |
| 2013 | Haiyan | Yolanda | Nov 8, 04:40, Guiuan, Eastern Samar (made landfall a total of 6 times; see breakdown in 1-4 below) | 1-minute 315km/h, 10-minute 230km/h, 895hPa | 6,300 (1,061 missing, 28,688 injured) | ₱95.48 billion / about $2.2 billion | Tacloban (5.2m storm surge), Leyte, Samar |
| 2014 | Rammasun | Glenda | 17:00 PHT, July 15, Rapu-Rapu island, Albay province 注distinct from Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu province (original spelling confirmed in the 2026-08-26 verification pass) | Cat. 5-equivalent, 918hPa | 106 | ₱38.6 billion (US$771 million, with a separate US$885 million figure also circulating — two systems of figures exist). 注Primary source not reached as of 2026-08-26 — the former Wikipedia citation was removed from the source list. Alternative route: PAGASA's "Annual Report on Philippine Tropical Cyclones 2014" | Metro Manila (90% of the Meralco service area lost power) |
| 2018 | Mangkhut | Ompong | Sep 15, Baggao, Cagayan | 10-minute 205km/h / 1-minute 260km/h | 127+ dead, 111 missing | ₱33.9 billion | 80 dead in a small-scale mine collapse in Itogon, Benguet |
| 2020 | Goni | Rolly | 04:50 PHT, Nov 1 (= 20:50 UTC Oct 31), Bato, Catanduanes province (corrected in the 2026-08-26 verification pass; the previous "Oct 31" was UTC-based. In Philippine time it is November 1. 注Primary source not reached as of 2026-08-26 — the former Wikipedia citation was removed from the source list. Alternative route: PAGASA's "Annual Report on Philippine Tropical Cyclones 2020" (pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph) is expected to carry the landfall date/time) | 1-minute 315km/h = the strongest landfall on record worldwide | 31–32 dead, 6 missing | ₱17.9 billion (₱12.9 billion infrastructure + ₱5.0 billion agriculture) / about $371 million | Catanduanes (90% of infrastructure damaged), Albay lahars |
| 2020 | Vamco | Ulysses | Late night Nov 11, Quezon province | Cat. 4-equivalent (215km/h) | 98 dead, 19 missing | ₱20.2 billion | Marikina River reached 22m (surpassing Ondoy); Cagayan Valley/Magat Dam released water |
| 2021 | Rai | Odette | Dec 16, made landfall a total of 9 times starting with Siargao island | Cat. 5-equivalent | 409 dead, 80 missing | ₱47.6–51.7 billion | Bohol 111, Cebu 96, Negros Oriental 74, Negros Occidental 45 |
| 2024 | Trami | Kristine | 00:30, Oct 24, Divilacan, Isabela province | Below typhoon strength (severe tropical storm) | 162 dead, 22 missing, 137 injured | ₱18.4 billion | Bicol (worst flooding since 1969); about 700mm in Naga City |
| 2024 | Kong-rey | Leon | No PH landfall (made landfall in Taiwan Oct 31) | Cat. 4-equivalent, 240km/h | — | — | Storm winds and high waves in northern Luzon |
| 2024 | Yinxing | Marce | 15:40, Nov 7, Santa Ana, Cagayan | Cat. 4-equivalent, 230km/h | — | — | Cagayan, Batanes |
| 2024 | Toraji | Nika | Nov 11, Dilasag, Aurora province | Typhoon | — | Included in the combined total of 3 storms | Aurora, Isabela |
| 2024 | Usagi | Ofel | 13:30, Nov 14, Baggao, Cagayan | Cat. 4-equivalent | — | Included in the combined total of 3 storms | Northern Cagayan |
| 2024 | Man-yi | Pepito | 21:40, Nov 16, Catanduanes / 15:20, Nov 17, Dipaculao, Aurora | JMA 195km/h, 920hPa / JTWC 260km/h | 14 dead, 2 missing, 15 injured | ₱2.87 billion | 4.24 million affected; 16,433 houses totally destroyed |
| 2025 | Wipha | Crising | Jul 18–22, near the Babuyan islands | 110km/h | 40 | ₱18.4 billion | Enhanced southwest monsoon; 9.5 million affected |
| 2025 | Co-may | Emong | Jul 24, Agno, Pangasinan / Candon, Ilocos Sur | 110km/h | 25 | ₱163.6 million | Ilocos region (strongest since 2009) |
| 2025 | Kajiki | Isang | Aug 22, Casiguran, Aurora | 150km/h | — | — | Large-scale flooding in Metro Manila |
| 2025 | Ragasa | Nando | Sep 22, Calayan-Panuitan island, Cagayan | 205km/h (strongest of 2025, the year's only super typhoon) | — | — | Babuyan islands, northern Luzon |
| 2025 | Kalmaegi | Tino | Nov 4–5, made landfall a total of 8 times across the Visayas to Palawan | Cat. 2-equivalent | 269 dead, 113 missing, 523 injured | ₱3.26 billion (as of that report) | 150 dead in Cebu province (the province's worst-ever flash flood); Negros Occidental 77, Negros Oriental 23 |
| 2025 | Fung-wong | Uwan | Nov 9, Dinalungan, Aurora | Super typhoon, 185km/h | 33 (including 16 in a Cordillera landslide) | ₱4.92 billion | 1,315,739 people pre-emptively evacuated (13 regions) = record scale |
| 2026 | Nokaen | Ada | January | 75km/h | 3 | — | 832,986 affected |
| 2026 | Penha | Basyang | Feb 4–6, northern Surigao–Bohol–Cebu–Negros Oriental | 65km/h | 12 dead, 36 injured | ₱1.48 billion | Eastern to Central Visayas |
| 2026 | Jangmi | Domeng | May 29, entered PAR | 110km/h | — | ₱3.4 million (infrastructure) | 85,295 evacuated in BARMM |
| 2026 | Bavi | Inday | Jul 7, entered PAR (mostly stayed outside the area) | 205km/h | 23 dead, 18 missing | — | Landslides and flooding |
| 2026 | Kujira | Luis / Maymay | Aug 2–6, Maconacon, Isabela province; Magsingal, Ilocos Sur | 75km/h | 13 dead, 9 missing | Agriculture ₱689.66 million | 80,633 affected. As of Aug 10, some reports gave 8 deaths for "the southwest monsoon plus Luis and Maymay" combined 注different tallying basis |
(注Source note: in the 2026-08-26 citation-hygiene pass, the English-language Wikipedia articles for individual typhoons that had previously served as sources were removed from the source list. The landfall dates/times, pressures, deaths, and damage figures in this section should be treated as "primary source not yet reached, as of 2026-08-26." Reachable alternative routes: PAGASA's "Annual Report on Philippine Tropical Cyclones," each year's PDF (pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph / bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph), JMA best track, JTWC annual reports, EM-DAT, and major news outlets. 注ndrrmc.gov.ph returned 403)
1-4. Key case studies
1991 Uring (Thelma) / the Ormoc flash flood — the textbook case of "a weak storm causing the worst damage"
| Item | Detail |
|---|---|
| Formation | Formed 1991-11-01, dissipated 11-08. Approached the Philippines 11-04 |
| Intensity | JMA 10-minute average 75km/h, JTWC 85km/h, 992hPa = a tropical storm (not even a typhoon) |
| Decisive factor | Around noon on 11-05, about 500mm of rain fell in 3 hours |
| Terrain factor | The forest cover of the Anilao–Malbasag watershed was only 3.3% (from logging and poor farming practices since the 1970s). 60% slope gradients; riverbank revetments and bridges obstructed the flow |
| Damage | 25km² of the urban area flooded within 15 minutes; water levels rose 2.1m |
| Deaths | Nationwide official 5,081+ / 4,922 confirmed in Ormoc City alone. Missing nationwide 1,941–3,084 (Ormoc 1,857–3,000) |
| Housing | 4,446 totally destroyed, 22,229 partially destroyed |
| Damage | $27.67 million (1991) |
Lesson: Intensity (wind speed) does not correlate with death toll. Watershed deforestation, drainage design, and where cities are sited determine the death toll. Ondoy (2009), Sendong (2011), and Tino (2025) share the same structure.
2013 Yolanda (Haiyan)
| Item | Detail |
|---|---|
| Landfall | 04:40 PHT, 2013-11-08, Guiuan, Eastern Samar (peak intensity). (Corrected in the 2026-08-26 verification pass) subsequent landfalls were ②Tolosa, Leyte ③Daanbantayan, Cebu ④Bantayan Island ⑤Concepción, Iloilo ⑥Busuanga Island, Palawan, for a total of 6 landfalls. 注The previously listed "Ormoc" and "Coron, Palawan" were not landfall points, and "Concepción, Iloilo" had been missing. 注Primary source not reached as of 2026-08-26 — the former Wikipedia citation was removed from the source list. Alternative route: PAGASA's "Annual Report on Philippine Tropical Cyclones 2013" |
| Intensity | 1-minute average 315km/h, 10-minute average 230km/h, 895hPa. PAGASA recorded 10-minute 235km/h with gusts to 275km/h at landfall |
| Storm surge | A 5.2m storm surge that destroyed the Tacloban airport terminal up to the second floor. 5–6m waves in Leyte and Samar |
| Deaths | Official (confirmed) figure: 6,300 = the nationwide death toll NDRRMC confirmed on 2016-04-17 (of which 5,902 were in Eastern Visayas). 1,061 missing, 28,688 injured. (Reconfirmed in the 2026-08-26 verification pass. 注In the citation-hygiene pass, the secondary source formerly used as the citation was removed = primary source not reached as of 2026-08-26. The NDRRMC's final report dated 2016-04-17 itself has not been reached — ndrrmc.gov.ph returns 403. The figure is retained, but when citing it, you must always give the subject and date: "per the NDRRMC's final report of April 17, 2016") |
| 注 The figure 6,352 | This is the combined total of the Philippines (6,300) + Vietnam (14) + mainland China (30) + Taiwan (8), and is not the Philippine death toll. Writing "Yolanda killed 6,352 in the Philippines" misreads it as a domestic figure (added in the 2026-08-26 verification pass) |
| Estimate | A claim of "up to 15,000" circulates. This is an estimate, not a confirmed figure. NDRRMC has not endorsed it = unconfirmed. When writing about this, always distinguish: "official 6,300 (NDRRMC, confirmed 2016-04-17) / an estimate of 15,000 circulates in some sources" |
| Housing | 550,928 totally destroyed, 589,404 partially destroyed |
| Displaced | Over 6 million people |
| Damage | ₱95.48 billion (about $2.2 billion) |
2021 Odette (Rai)
| Item | Detail |
|---|---|
| Landfall | 2021-12-16, made landfall 9 times in succession starting with Siargao Island, exiting near Palawan |
| Deaths | 409, 80 missing |
| Deaths by province | Bohol 111, Cebu 96, Negros Oriental 74, Negros Occidental 45 |
| Evacuated | About 332,000 |
| Damage | ₱47.6 billion / ₱51.7 billion (注two figures circulate) = the second-highest in history after Yolanda |
| Notable | Nearly all of the Visayas lost power. Bohol's governor: "The first responders are themselves victims. It's Yolanda all over again." |
October–November 2024: six systems in under a month
| Order | PH name / Int'l name | Key date |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kristine / Trami | Landfall 10/24 |
| 2 | Leon / Kong-rey | 10/31 (made landfall in Taiwan; storm conditions in PH) |
| 3 | Marce / Yinxing | Landfall 11/7 |
| 4 | Nika / Toraji | Landfall 11/11 |
| 5 | Ofel / Usagi | Landfall 11/14 |
| 6 | Pepito / Man-yi | Landfall 11/16 and 11/17 |
- On 2024-11-12, 4 tropical depressions were active simultaneously in the western Pacific — the first time on record for the month of November.
- The bulk of the damage came from the first storm, Kristine: 162 dead, 22 missing; 3.2 million affected in Bicol, 1.35 million in Calabarzon, 1.09 million in Central Luzon; 207,876 houses damaged; 111,898.77 ha of farmland; 256 cities/municipalities declared a state of calamity; damage of ₱18.4 billion.
- The combined total for the last three storms (Nika, Ofel, Pepito): agriculture ₱784.68 million + infrastructure ₱2.96 billion = ₱3.75 billion total.
- Pepito alone: 14 dead, 4,240,764 affected, ₱2.87 billion in damage. Inflow at Magat Dam reached 8,700m³/s, exceeding the 7,100m³/s recorded during 2020's Ulysses.
Lesson: Consecutive strikes cannot be measured "per storm." The real toll is prolonged shelter stays, repeated flooding of farmland, and the exhaustion of recovery budgets.
2025 Tino (Kalmaegi) — the worst typhoon in recent memory
- 2025-11-04 to 05, made landfall 8 times across the Visayas to Palawan. Cat. 2-equivalent.
- 269 dead, 113 missing, 523 injured. 150 of these deaths were in Cebu province alone.
- 637,263 houses damaged (75,681 totally destroyed); over 562,000 evacuees; about 400,000 pre-emptively evacuated; 1.4 million households lost power.
- Cebu's governor called it "the province's worst-ever typhoon-driven flash flood." Some areas saw large-scale flooding for the first time since 1952.
- Agriculture/infrastructure damage: ₱3.26 billion (as of that report).
2. Earthquakes
2-1. Timeline (major earthquakes)
| Date/time (PHT) | Magnitude | Epicenter | Depth | Deaths/missing | Damage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1976-08-17 00:11 | Mw 8.0 | Moro Gulf (6.29N, 124.09E) | 20km | 5,000–8,000 dead (90% from the tsunami), 10,000 injured, 90,000 left homeless | Maximum tsunami about 15m, 9m at Lebak. 700km of coastline devastated |
| 1990-07-16 16:26 | Mw 7.7–7.8 | Near Rizal, Nueva Ecija | 25.1km | About 1,621 dead, 3,513 injured, 126,035 evacuated | A 125km surface rupture along the Philippine Fault / Digdig Fault. Baguio (over 80 dead when the Hyatt Terraces collapsed), Cabanatuan (about 154 dead when the 6-story Christian College building collapsed), Dagupan (buildings sank about 1m from liquefaction). About 20,000km² affected |
| 2013-10-15 08:12 | Mw 7.2 | Near Sagbayan, Bohol province | 12km | 222 dead, 8 missing, 796 injured | North Bohol Fault (a reverse fault, previously unknown). Over 73,000 buildings damaged (14,500+ totally destroyed); ₱2.25 billion in public infrastructure damage. 10 World Heritage-caliber stone churches collapsed or were severely damaged. The Chocolate Hills viewing deck collapsed. 4,465 aftershocks (through end of 2013) |
| 2019-10-16 | M 6.4 | 22km southeast of Tulunan, North Cotabato | — | 7 dead, 215 injured | 3 in a row within a month (10/16, 10/29 M6.6, 10/31 M6.5) |
| 2019-10-29/31 | M 6.6/6.5 | Same area | — | Total: 24 dead, 11 missing, 563 injured | Over 21,000 houses totally destroyed in North Cotabato |
| 2019-12-15 | M 6.9 | Davao del Sur | — | 13 dead | The final event in the above sequence |
| 2023-11 | — | Mindanao | — | — | 注In 2023 there were separate earthquakes in November and December, which are easily confused |
| 2023-12-02 22:37 | USGS Mw 7.6 / PHIVOLCS Mw 7.4 (注disputed) | 12km off Hinatuan, southern Surigao del Sur | — | 3 dead, 79 injured | Tsunami: 64cm at Mawes Island (PH), 40cm at Hachijojima (Japan), 20cm at Wakayama/Kochi. About ₱1.2 billion in damage; 10,038 houses damaged (444 totally destroyed); 399,765 affected. 8,403 aftershocks (425 above M4.5, largest M6.9) |
| 2025-09-30 21:59 | Mw 6.9 | Offshore, about 19km ENE (N75°E) of Bogo City (11.10°N, 124.14°E) | PHIVOLCS 5km / USGS 10km | 79 dead, 559 injured | A newly named "Bogo Bay Fault" (a previously unknown offshore fault). Maximum intensity: MMI IX / PHIVOLCS VII. 160,662 houses damaged (7,410 totally destroyed); ₱733.34 million in infrastructure damage. 819,843 households lost power. 53 cities/municipalities declared a state of calamity. 13,584 aftershocks (through 10/21) |
| 2025-10-10 | Mw 7.4 + Mw 6.7–6.8 (a doublet earthquake) | Offshore eastern Davao Oriental (Philippine Trench) | — | 10 dead, 176 injured | Tsunami warnings issued for 7 provinces; 30cm at Tandag. 362,644 households affected (about 1.5 million people); about 25,600 houses damaged (1,190 totally destroyed); ₱350.03 million in infrastructure damage; 1,629+ aftershocks. Manay (Davao Oriental) hardest hit |
| 2026-06-08 07:37:40 | Mw 7.8 | About 25km southwest of Kublalan, Sarangani province (5.599N, 125.056E) | USGS 57km / PHIVOLCS 33km (注) | 106 dead, 1,316 injured, 7 missing (NDRRMC Situational Report No. 32, 2026-07-21) | Detailed below |
| 2026-08-05 | M 6.4 | Off Sarangani | — | — | Aftershock of the June mainshock |
| 2026-08-06 | M 6.3 | Off Balut Island, Sarangani | — | — | Same as above |
2-2. June 8, 2026 Sarangani offshore earthquake (Mw 7.8) — the most recent major disaster as of this writing
| Item | Detail | Source / note |
|---|---|---|
| Occurred | 07:37:40 PHT, 2026-06-08 (23:37:40 UTC, 06-07) | |
| Magnitude/depth | Mw 7.8, depth USGS 57km, PHIVOLCS 33km | 注Depth figures differ by nearly double between agencies |
| Epicenter | About 25km southwest, offshore Kublalan, Sarangani province | |
| Mechanism | A north-south-striking, west-dipping reverse fault, linked to the subduction zone of the Cotabato Trench | Note: the October 2025 Davao Oriental earthquake was on the Philippine Trench side — a different system |
| Tsunami | PHIVOLCS issued warnings for 9 provinces; about 10,000 households evacuated. Maximum runup 2.5m at Lebak, Sultan Kudarat. 2 drowned, 1 missing around General Santos. Indonesia's BMKG also issued a warning | |
| Deaths (official) | 106 (Sarangani 47, South Cotabato 24, Davao Occidental 20, Davao del Sur 1, BARMM 1, and others). 1,316 injured, 7 missing | NDRRMC Situational Report No. 32 (2026-07-21) |
| Death toll over time | 6/10: 45 → 6/11: 47 → 6/26: 81 → 7/1: 88 → 7/21: 106 | PNA and GMA reporting |
| Overseas | 1 dead, 4 injured in Indonesia | |
| Housing | 138,563 houses damaged (19,243 totally destroyed) | |
| Hardest-hit areas | Glan (81% of houses damaged), Malapatan (74%), General Santos City (31%) | |
| Schools | Over 1,022 schools damaged; 8,208 classes suspended. Over 5,500 classrooms affected; ₱13 billion needed for rehabilitation | Daily Tribune, 2026-06-25 |
| Infrastructure | 45 road sections, 8 bridges. NDRRMC-tallied infrastructure damage: ₱1.36 billion (2026-06-19) | |
| 注 Damage-figure confusion | A figure of "₱71 billion (US$1.44 billion) in total damage" circulates, but most of this is a claim by the Sarangani Bay Protected Seascape management office that coastal uplift caused ₱70 billion in damage to marine resources — distinct from NDRRMC's infrastructure/agriculture damage figures. Do not place the two side by side | 注 |
| Aftershocks | Over 8,500 by 2026-06-19, of which 3 were M6.0+ (largest M6.5). Into August, M6.4 (8/5), M6.3 (8/6), M5.2 (8/20) and others continued | |
| Recovery | A ₱15 billion supplemental budget was proposed (2026-06-17); ₱362 million in initial recovery funds; ₱734 million needed for road/bridge repair; ₱870 million in damage at MSU-General Santos | |
| Two months later (2026-08-15) | Still 18,000 people remained in evacuation centers | Inquirer.net |
注 Point you'll get wrong if you don't know it: reported "affected persons" figures shifted over time — 720,000 → 1.59 million → 1.6 million. Always cite the report date and report number.
September 2025 (Cebu) → October 2025 (eastern Davao) → June 2026 (Sarangani): M6.9 / M7.4 / M7.8 in succession within 11 months. This is, as of 2026, the single biggest focus of Philippine disaster-preparedness policy.
3. Volcanoes
3-1. Timeline of major eruptions
| Year | Volcano | Scale (VEI) | Deaths / evacuees / damage |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1814-02-01 | Mayon | VEI 4 | About 1,200 dead (Cagsawa). Ash deposits reached 9m. Mayon's worst eruption in history |
| 1991 (eruption began 4/2, climax 6/15, subsided 9/2) | Pinatubo | VEI 6 | 847 dead (mainly from roof collapses under the weight of ashfall). About 60,000 pre-emptively evacuated. Over 10km³ ejected, plume height 40km. Damage about ₱10.6 billion (1991); 800km² of paddy fields destroyed; about 8,000 houses totally destroyed. 17–20 megatons of SO₂ released, lowering global average temperature by about 0.5°C in 1991–93. Even after the eruption, lahars caused ongoing damage for several years whenever heavy rain fell. The 20th century's second-largest eruption (after Novarupta, 1912) |
| 1993-02-02 to 1994-04-04 | Mayon | VEI 2 | 79 dead from pyroclastic flows, 50,000 evacuated |
| 1996-08-10 | Kanlaon | Small (phreatic) | An eruption with no warning killed 3 climbers (including British student Julian Green and others). 24 were climbing at the time; 17 were rescued |
| 2000-07-16 to 08-31 (Alert Level 5 on 2/24) | Mayon | VEI 2 | 14,114 households evacuated (68,426 people); ₱89 million in damage |
| 2006-07-13 to 10-01 | Mayon | VEI 1 | About 40,000 evacuated. That same year, on 11/30, heavy rain from Typhoon Reming (Durian) turned fresh volcanic ash into lahars. 注(Noted in the 2026-08-26 verification pass) this "1,266+" figure centers on lahar damage in Albay province and has a different tallying body and scope from the Reming death toll shown in 1-1 and 1-3 of this material (NDCC official 734 dead + 762 missing / EM-DAT 1,399). Three different figures circulate for the same disaster, so always attach the name of the tallying body. None of the figures have been deleted |
| 2009-09-15 to 2010-01-01 | Mayon | VEI 2 | Alert Level 4 (12/20); over 44,000 evacuated |
| 2020-01-12 to 22 | Taal | VEI 4 | Ash plume rose 10–15km. 39 dead (1 directly from the eruption, 38 indirect deaths related to evacuation). 70,413 evacuated; over 300 evacuation centers. Taal's main crater lake temporarily dried up and Vulcan Point disappeared |
| 2021-07-01 to 09 / 2021-11-15 to 22 | Taal | VEI 3 | Phreatomagmatic eruption. Over 4,000 evacuated |
| 2022-03-26 to 31 | Taal | VEI 3 | Over 9,000 evacuated. Combined 2020–22 totals: ₱3.06 billion in agricultural damage, ₱1.6 billion to Taal Lake fisheries, ₱360.5 million in coffee, ₱527.25 million in pineapple |
| 2018-01-13 to 2019-07-31 | Mayon | VEI 3 | Alert Level 4 (1/22); about 40,000 evacuated |
| 2023-04-27 to 2024-02-04 | Mayon | VEI 2 | 20,000 evacuated within the danger zone; 628 required treatment |
| 2024-06-03 18:51 | Kanlaon | Explosive eruption | 5,000m ash plume; pyroclastic flow down the south slope. Alert Level 2. 4,752 evacuated; 29 flights cancelled; ashfall reached Bacolod (85km away). Agricultural damage ₱104.8 million; 3,890.5 tons of crops lost; 3,421 livestock lost |
| 2024-12-09 15:03 | Kanlaon | Explosive eruption | Alert Level 3. About 87,000 evacuated (46,900 of them in La Castellana) |
| 2025-04-08 / 05-13 / 10-24 | Kanlaon | Explosive to minor | 4/8: 4,000m ash plume. 5/13: evacuation advisory within a 6km radius. 10/24: ashfall in La Castellana and La Carlota |
| 2026-01-06 | Mayon | Magmatic eruption | Alert Level raised to 3 |
| 2026-02-19 / 02-26 / 03-15 / 07-09 | Kanlaon | Eruptions | The 7/9 eruption sent ashfall as far as Cebu |
| 2026-05-02 | Mayon | Pyroclastic flow | 102,406 affected; ₱6.69 million in agricultural damage |
3-2. Current alert levels (as of August 2026)
| Volcano | Alert level | Status | Source / period |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mayon | Level 2 (0–5 scale) | Low-level eruptive activity continues. 4–11 volcanic quakes per day. SO₂ 1,857–3,295 t/day → jumped to 8,393 t/day on 2026-08-17, coinciding with inflation of the north and east flanks | Smithsonian GVP weekly report, 2026-08-12 to 17 |
| Kanlaon | Level 2 | 0–7 volcanic quakes per day; longest tremor 94 minutes. SO₂ 887–3,304 t/day. Plumes reach up to 200m above the summit | GVP weekly report, 2026-08-12 to 18 |
| Taal | Level 1 | Small phreatomagmatic eruptions have recurred repeatedly throughout 2026 (plumes 100–900m). 74 earthquakes in 24 hours on 2026-08-15 | PHIVOLCS, Inquirer.net 2026-08-15, and others |
| Bulusan | Not mentioned in the week's GVP report | — | GVP |
注 Information from late 2024 to early 2025 saying "Kanlaon is at Alert Level 3" still circulates. As of August 2026 it has been lowered to Level 2 (per the GVP weekly report). Always check whether information is old or new.
4. Landslides and Compound Disasters
| Date | Location | Deaths/missing | Trigger | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2006-02-17 | Barangay Guinsaugon, St. Bernard, Southern Leyte | 1,126 confirmed dead | About 1,200mm of rain from 2/4–14, plus an M2.6 micro-earthquake that same morning | Directly hit an elementary school in session (246 pupils, 7 teachers). About 80 women gathered for a health cooperative's anniversary event also died. Logging and mining activity, La Niña, and stress on the Philippine Fault were all cited as contributing factors, but the degree of each contribution remains unresolved |
| 2011 | Baguio City (garbage dump) | — | — | Cited as a precedent for the 2026 Binaliw disaster |
| 2018-09-15 | Itogon, Benguet | 80 dead | Typhoon Ompong | Bunkhouses at a small mining operation were buried by a landslide |
| 2024-02-06 19:50 | Barangay Masara, Maco town, Davao de Oro | 98 dead, 8 missing, 32 injured | Continuous rainfall since January 2024 | A gold-mining community. Victims included 26 Apex Mining employees. About 9.8ha slid more than 700m, burying 62 houses, a 3-bus loading area, and the barangay hall. The site had been designated a "no-build zone" following landslides in 2007 and 2008. MGB attributed the trigger to rainfall; World Weather Attribution pointed to deforestation and building-code violations as "human factors" |
5. Human-Caused Disasters
5-1. Waste and mining disasters
| Date | Incident | Deaths | Details |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1996-03-24 | The Marcopper mining disaster (Marinduque Island) | No direct deaths recorded | A rupture in a drainage tunnel at the former Tapian mine released over 1.6 million m³ of toxic mine tailings into 27km of the Makulapnit–Boac river system. Barangay Hinapulan was buried under about 1.8m of mud, forcing 400 households to evacuate; 20 of 60 villages were evacuated. The Boac River became unusable. Residents' zinc levels exceeded 200% of the safety standard, causing dermatitis and respiratory symptoms. In 2016, health authorities declared Marinduque a "health emergency." Operations were run by Canada's Marcopper Mining, later Placer Dome (acquired by Barrick Gold in 2006). The disaster triggered mining-law reforms (stronger environmental standards, remediation obligations, and community consultation requirements). In 2022, a regional trial court found Marcopper liable and ordered damages including ₱200,000 per plaintiff |
| 2000-07-10 | The Payatas dumpsite collapse (Quezon City) | Official 218 dead + 300 missing / estimated 705 to about 1,000 | A mountain of garbage collapsed and later caught fire. About 100 houses were destroyed. President Estrada ordered immediate closure, but the mayor reopened it a few weeks later. This became the direct trigger for the enactment of Republic Act No. 9003 (the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act "of 2000"), mandating closure of open dumps by 2004 and closure/conversion of controlled disposal facilities by 2006. 注(Added in the 2026-08-26 verification pass) RA 9003's short title reads "of 2000," but it was actually enacted on January 26, 2001 (source: the original text of RA 9003 at lawphil.net, https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2001/ra_9003_2001.html). Writing "enacted in 2000" makes it read as if the law existed before the July 10, 2000 Payatas collapse. The correct order is collapse (2000-07-10) → legislation (2001-01-26). The site became a controlled facility in 2004 and was fully closed in December 2010. In 2020, a court ordered Quezon City to pay a total of ₱6 million in damages to 56 victims' families |
| 2026-01-08 | The Binaliw dumpsite collapse (Cebu City) | 36 dead | 2026's largest human-caused disaster. Coordinates 10.41609N, 123.92159E. The failure mode involved rotational sliding at the crown and flow liquefaction at the base; over-steep waste stacking, poor drainage management, and a road crossing the upper part of the waste pile were cited as factors (AGU Landslide Blog, 2026-01-12). As of 1/9, 1 death and many people trapped were reported (BBC) → on 1/18 the body of the last missing person was found, accounting for everyone (GMA). Search efforts were hampered by methane gas and the risk of further collapse. DENR ordered the dumpsite closed on 1/12. On 2026-05-13, Cebu City resisted reopening it; as of 2026-07-21 it remained "critical, with fire risk" (Cebu Daily News); DENR lifted the closure order on 2026-08-25 (InsiderPH). President Marcos pledged accountability and support on 2026-01-15 |
| 2023-02-28 | The MT Princess Empress oil spill (off Naujan, Oriental Mindoro) | No direct deaths | The ship sank carrying 900,000 liters of industrial fuel oil. The affected area spanned about 162.6km² across 4 provinces (Oriental Mindoro, Batangas, Antique, Palawan) and 21 marine protected areas. Initially 27,850 fishers affected; by February 2024, 264 villages / 43,699 households were affected. Government-estimated agricultural damage: ₱4.93 billion (as of February 2024), while an independent report from February 2026 estimated total damage at ₱41.2 billion (about 8 times the government figure) 注an estimate, not a confirmed figure. Operations were run by RDC Reield Marine Services. Document falsification and operational violations were found, leading to a recommendation for criminal charges in February 2024. Cleanup operations were completed by mid-June 2023, with about 95% of the coastline reported cleaned |
5-2. Maritime disasters
| Date | Ship | Deaths | Details |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1987-12-20 22:40 | MV Doña Paz | No confirmed figure exists. 注(Organized in the 2026-08-26 verification pass) An estimated 4,363 (注circulates as the representative figure, but the primary source has not been reached, as of 2026-08-26 — the former Wikipedia citation was removed from the source list) / a 1999 presidential task force, based on over 4,100 settlement claims, estimated 4,342 passengers, or about 4,374 including crew, or about 4,385 including the 11 crew of the MT Vector. The "official" figure based on the passenger manifest was originally only 1,493 passengers + 59 crew = 1,552 (revised on 12/23 to 1,583 + 58). Survivors numbered 25 from the Doña Paz side (23 listed passengers plus later-identified unlisted survivors) + 2 crew from MT Vector = 27 total (注some sources give "26 survivors" or "25" = the wording varies. Do not state a figure with certainty) | The world's worst peacetime maritime disaster. Sailing from Tacloban (Leyte) via Catbalogan (Samar) to Manila. It collided with and caught fire alongside the tanker MT Vector, which was carrying about 1.05 million liters of gasoline and other fuel. 注The passenger manifest originally listed 1,493 passengers + 59 crew, revised on 12/23 to 1,583 + 58, but many unlisted passengers had bought cheap, informal tickets aboard, and the true number is estimated at over 4,000. On the Doña Paz, an apprentice was on watch alone at the bridge while officers were drinking/socializing. The Vector lacked a proper license, a qualified captain, and a lookout. In 1999, the Supreme Court found Vector liable for damages; Sulpicio Lines was absolved |
| 1998-09-18 | MV Princess of the Orient (not independently verified in this material) | — | 注This investigation did not independently verify this incident, so no figures are given = unconfirmed |
| 2008-06-21 13:00 | MV Princess of the Stars | 814 dead/missing (56 survivors) | Under Typhoon Frank (Fengshen), sailing from Manila to Cebu, the ship capsized off San Fernando, Romblon province. About 870 people aboard (755 listed passengers + 111 crew; unlisted passengers likely also aboard). The cargo was found to include 10,000kg of the banned pesticide endosulfan, cargo that should never have been loaded on a passenger vessel (mistakenly loaded by Del Monte Philippines, which had contracted it for a different ship). A maritime board of inquiry found the captain and Sulpicio Lines liable. In 2024, an appellate court found gross negligence and ordered ₱129.8 million in damages to the victims' families |
5-3. Fires and other incidents
| Date | Incident | Deaths | Details |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1996-03-18 23:35 | The Ozone Disco fire (Timog Avenue, Quezon City) | 162 dead, 95 injured | Officially regarded as "the worst fire in Philippine history" (by the metric of deaths in a single fire). The cause is believed to have been electrical but was never confirmed. About 350–390 people were inside a venue rated for 35. There were no legal fire exits; the emergency exit was blocked by an adjacent building; a security guard locked the main entrance from outside; the door opened inward due to a feng shui belief (a building-code violation); fire extinguishers were faulty; there was no sprinkler system. In 2001, operators were sentenced to 4 years in prison and fined ₱25 million; in 2014, 7 city officials were convicted under the anti-graft law. Families received ₱150,000 each. The building was demolished in March 2015 |
注 Fires and factory accidents (such as the 2015 Kentex factory fire) were not independently verified in this version and have been left out = unconfirmed. To be added in the next version.
6. Cross-Cutting Themes to Keep in Mind
| Theme | Content |
|---|---|
| Intensity and death toll are not proportional | Uring (1991) was only a tropical storm yet killed over 5,000; Rolly (2020), the strongest at landfall on record, killed only 31–32. What makes the difference is watershed forest cover, where cities are sited, and pre-emptive evacuation |
| The growing scale of pre-emptive evacuation | About 1 million for Rolly (2020); 1,315,739 across 13 regions for Uwan (2025). Pre-emptive evacuation has become institutionalized since Yolanda |
| Indirect deaths | Of Taal 2020's 39 deaths, 38 were indirect deaths related to evacuation. Counting only direct deaths for "eruption deaths" misses the real picture |
| A sequence of earthquakes | Cebu M6.9 (Sep 2025) → eastern Davao M7.4 (Oct 2025) → Sarangani M7.8 (Jun 2026). The epicenters belong to different systems — the Bogo Bay Fault (a newly discovered offshore fault), the Philippine Trench, and the Cotabato Trench |
| Unknown faults | The North Bohol Fault (2013) and the Bogo Bay Fault (2025) were both named only after the earthquake occurred. "Not on the active-fault map" does not mean "safe" |
| Prolonged sheltering | Two months after the Sarangani earthquake (2026-08-15), 18,000 people were still in evacuation centers. Recovery speed determines the impact on daily life more than the death toll does |
| Recurring human-caused disasters | Payatas (2000) → Baguio (2011) → Binaliw (2026): dumpsite collapses have recurred over a quarter-century. Enacting RA 9003 alone did not stop them |
| How "damage figures" get used differently | NDRRMC damage figures (infrastructure + agriculture), reconstruction funding needs, environmental damage estimates, and economic loss estimates are all different things. The Sarangani earthquake's "₱71 billion" is almost entirely a claim about marine-resource damage 注 |
7. Key Sources
| Source | Use |
|---|---|
| NDRRMC Situational Reports / Final Reports | Official figures for deaths, missing, injured, affected persons, and damage. This material cites these via news reporting (PNA, GMA, Inquirer, Philstar, Daily Tribune, SunStar, Rappler, BusinessWorld, ABS-CBN) |
| PHIVOLCS (DOST-PHIVOLCS) | Earthquake magnitude, epicenter, depth; volcanic alert levels |
| PAGASA (DOST-PAGASA) | Typhoon track, landfall, intensity, signal, naming |
| USGS | Earthquake moment magnitude and depth (differs from PHIVOLCS) |
| Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program weekly report (volcano.si.edu) | Volcanic activity and alert levels as of August 2026 |
| AGU Landslides Blog (eos.org) | Geological analysis of the 2026-01-08 Binaliw collapse |
| ReliefWeb / OCHA / WFP / IFRC | International figures on affected persons and relief efforts |
| 注 Excluded | In the 2026-08-26 citation-hygiene pass, individual English-Wikipedia disaster articles were removed from the source list (this body of material follows a primary-source-first policy). Figures that previously relied on these have been rewritten as "注primary source not reached, as of 2026-08-26" |
| PAGASA's "Annual Report on Philippine Tropical Cyclones," each year's edition (PDF) | Confirmed reachable as of 2026-08-26 (pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph / bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph). A primary-source replacement for Wikipedia for landfall date/time, pressure, and PAR-entry counts. To be used to replace individual typhoon specifications next time |
| PAGASA "Tropical Cyclone Information" | The annual PAR-entry count (average 20, of which 8–9 cross the mainland) confirmed directly from the original text (2026-08-26) |
| 注 NDRRMC (ndrrmc.gov.ph) | Returned 403 as of 2026-08-26. Confirmed figures for deaths and affected persons could not be reached at the source and remain limited to confirmation via news outlets such as PNA, Rappler, and GMA |
注 This material is current as of 2026-08-26. The Sarangani earthquake's aftershocks are ongoing, and both its death toll and damage figures may be updated in future NDRRMC reports. Always cite the report date when quoting these figures.
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